Radio Frequency Identification

Identification of objects or data on the RFID technology conducted by comparing the data stored in the memory tag / transponder with data transmitted by the reader. RFID tag is formed by the major component (transponder), reader and antenna. Tag can use the power (active tags) or not (passive tags) and placed on the object to be identified. In the passive tag signals transmitted by the reader via electromagnetic waves, then the tag will respond and send data / information in it (AIM Frequency Forums). Reader also has the ability to make changes to data on the tag in addition to read and retrieve data stored in the tag information. While the antenna on RFID systems affect the reading distance range or object identification. Tag is placed on the outside of the box product so that any displacement can be monitored via RFID products. If delivery of the product made it easily know which product is first loaded, so it can be applied FIFO shipment of products from the code on the tag signal. Signal sent will be read RFID transponders and matched with data stored in the hard disk recording media that is installed on the computer. Frequencies used in the tag is 125 KHz, 13.56 KHz, and microwave. Can be used with a carrier frequency of 13.56 MHz ± 7 kHz and 9 dB sideband ? A / m with a reach of 30 meters. Excess at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, among others, do not use the battery, low cost and longer service life. While the tag may be a card, riqid industrial, smart labels and price tags ranging between $ 0.05 – $ 0.10 or Rp 453 – Rp 906. The following figure is an RFID system.

Activity or activities of the ERP modules within the enterprise is often not optimal because it is still slow the company’s employees perform data entry into computer systems. On the other hand is still a lack of staff expertise to perform data entry. While the problems that occurred in the warehouse of finished goods is a late entry, thus affect the accuracy of closing the books, product delivery systems are not implemented first in first out because of difficulties in identifying the product, and administration staff require a relatively large field. In circumstances such as above the finished goods warehouse, the company has not been optimized from the ERP implementation objectives.

Monte Carlo methods are often applied in three situations :
1. to solve a complex problem with a solution approach,
2. to solve a complex problem that is generally in the settlement simplifying assumptions. With Monte Carlo simulations, the original problem can be studied without the assumption,
3. for use in check the results of other simulation techniques.

Many studies have been conducted to compare the two systems, and often different arguments arise in the discussion both in terms of definition and performance. However, in reality, not infrequently a large-scale manufacturing systems applying the above two approaches simultaneously in subsystems smaller in it. For example, Toyota, which is often referred to as a pull system of classical references, implement push on the car-making process based on market analysis and setting production targets. But in the assembly process in which a pull system implemented to ensure the availability of subassembly components. In contrast to MRP systems are not infrequently there is a pull mechanism on the flow of information in the process. That is to say that the variation range of manufacturing systems in the world is very diverse. Not all apply pull or push manufacturing systems are completely separate. For all companies have the characteristics of each complex.

However, if the application of the system managed to pull less often considered as the cause is an understanding of the philosophy of JIT implementation is weak. Meanwhile, on the implementation of push systems that perform poorly, are often blamed as the cause of the problem of inventory. Clearly, if you want to compare between the push and pull manufacturing systems, there are several parameters that can be used as a reference. Among others : machine utilization, number of outputs, and the average residence time job (mean flow time). A good approximation method used is a simulation. The final result can not conclude that the comparison is better than push-pull, or vice versa. For as we mentioned above, each company’s manufacturing system has the characteristics of each. Which can be seen is the extent to which there is a difference between push and pull manufacturing systems, and on the conditions of how these differences occur.

In the Taguchi Method, used matrices called orthogonal arrays to determine the minimal number of experiments that can provide as much information as possible all the factors that affect the parameters. The most important part of the orthogonal array lies in the selection of level combinations of input variables for each experiment.

According to Taguchi, there are 2 (two) common in terms of quality, the quality of design and quality of the match / fit. Quality of design is that there are varying levels of quality in a product that was intentional, while the quality of fit is how well the product meets specifications and clearances required by the draft.

Signal to Noise ratio (S / N Ratio)

Taguchi approach introduces S / N ratio to investigate the influence of noise factors on the variations that arise. Types of S / N ratio depends on the desired characteristics, namely :

a. Smaller-the-Better (STB)
Characteristics of quality where the lower the value, the better the quality. Value of S / N for this type of STB characteristics are :

b. Larger-the-Better (LTB)
Quality characteristics in which the greater the value, the better the quality. Value of S / N for this type of LTB characteristics are :

c. Nominal-the-Better (NTB)
Quality characteristics which set out a specific face value, if its value is closer to the nominal value, the better the quality. Value of S / N for this type of NTB characteristics :

Determination and Selection of Orthogonal Array

Degrees of freedom is the number of comparisons to be made between the levels of factors or interactions that are used to determine the minimum number of experiments performed. The calculation of degrees of freedom to do in order to obtain an understanding of the relationship between a factor with different levels of quality characteristics is produced. This comparison will provide information on the factors and levels that have a significant effect on the quality characteristics.

To determine the Orthogonal Array is needed, the required calculation of degrees of freedom, the calculation is as follows :
For the main factor, ie the main factors A and B :

Selected orthogonal array table must have a minimum number of lines that should not be less than the total number of degrees of freedom.

Determination of degrees of freedom based on :
1. The observed number of main factors and interactions were observed
2. The number of observed levels of factor
3. The desired experimental resolution or cost limitations

Facility Layout Design

The user has three ways to provide data flow, including :
1. Can be done with qualitative relationships in the form of diagrams.
2. Data can be provided by quantitative flow in the form of a matrix.
3. The user can easily specify the type and number of parts to be processed as well as the flow of information for each section.
Blocplan then calculate the flow matrix. Although the two previous alternatives are used, The main advantage of Blocplan are adequate facilities for the user. It allows users to edit the data that has been previously entered, determine / fix the position of the facility, and manually enter them into the desired location. In addition, Blocplan also print the table layout that has been ranked, which shows the location of the value of relationships with some of the information. In addition to single-story layout, Blocplan can produce multistory layout.

A job can be broken down into several elements of the movement which the study was conducted to obtain a series of movements that are more efficient. Job analysis is a procedure performed to analyze whether a work operation involving an element of a productive work or not, with the aim to improve the working methods that had been applied. This activity is an activity of analysis (study) methods in an effort to increase the number of products per unit time, and of course the cost of production per unit (unit cost). The initial steps to be taken in the analysis of a work operation is get all the data relating to all operations and facilities used for the execution of work, displacement movement (transport), and other activities are included in the process flow.

In analyzing the movement is often encountered difficulties in finding the boundary of an element by element Therblig Therblig one another. Recording the labor movement using film footage (video recorder) can overcome this. Recordings can be played back if the film is shown in slow motion (slow motion), so that analysis can be further investigated. Micromotion Study activity required to record every movement of the existing work in detail, and gives the possibilities of analyzing every movement that is working better than the Visual Motion Study. The steps undertaken in the micromotion Study are :
a. Record the movements of labor from one job to put a clock cycle of the observed behind the operator.
b. Picture film will be a permanent record that can be analyzed at any time and repeated according to the desired.
c. Make conclusions from the analysis of movement can be observed from the film footage as well as to describe the map SIMO (Simutaneous Motion Chart) showing the movement of his left hand and right hand. The goal is to create a balance of movement of labor between the left hand and right hand in completing an activity.
d. Get a good working alternative movement by improving the working methods in accordance with economic principles of movement (motion economy).

It is obvious that an activity is expected to micromotion study will assist in efforts to find alternative better working methods to complete a job. In general, these activities provide benefits include :
a. To investigate the short-cycle work operations that take place repeatedly and carried out manually.
b. To examine the activities that generate a large amount of output.
c. To investigate the implementation activities undertaken by an operator.
With the improvement of working methods, the productivity can be increased.

On the basis of the above, it can not be denied the development and improvement of the quality of human resources is a priority and ongoing challenges in the era of globalization. One business organization that is applied in improving the quality of human resources is the implementation of the role of Total Quality Management (TQM), or in Indonesia, the term Integrated Quality Control (Pengendalian Mutu Terpadu – PMT).

TQM is an approach in running the business to maximize the competitiveness of the organization through continuous improvement on products, services, people, processes and environment. In order for organizations to have high competitiveness in the global scale, then the organization must be able to do the job better, effective and efficient in producing goods and services of high quality and competitive prices. To produce goods and services that compete, in the future no longer rely comparative advantage alone but should increase competitive advantage. Management of natural resources will have a competitive advantage if human resources has a high potential to manage it.

Transport modeling

To identify the behavior of the demand for transport services, it is necessary to simplify modeling of the transport system in the form of the transport system. In order to identify the behavioral aspects of movement in the development of the transportation system, there are four stages in the conventional modeling of four main phases can be described as below :

1. The first stage is forecasting the land use pattern for the future, which describes human activity through the number of each activity in the area
smaller so-called zones.
2. With that basic, a trip that comes from each zone and the journey that led to each zone would be expected, where the method is called the trip generation analysis (Trip Generation).
3. Then, place of origin is associated with a trip to some placedifferent purpose, which is called the distribution of trip (Trip Distribution).
4. If the place of origin and destination are known, then the various alternative modes can be compared to determine the possible modes of travel (Modal Split)and choose a specific route to be used, called the determination of traffic (Trip Assignment).

Genetic algorithm

In these algorithms, search techniques performed well on a number of possible solutions are known as populations. Individuals who present in a population referred to as chromosomes. This chromosome is a solution that was shaped symbol. Initial population is built randomly, while the next population is the result of the evolution of chromosomes through the iterations are referred to as generations. In each generation, chromosomes are going through the evaluation process by using a measuring instrument called a fitness function. The fitness of a chromosome will show the quality of the chromosomes in the population. The next generation is known as a child (offspring) formed from the combination of two chromosomes present generation that acts as a parent (the parent) by crossing operator (crossover). In addition to crossing operators, a chromosome can also be modified by using mutation operators. Population new generation is formed by selecting the fitness of the parent chromosome (parent) and child fitness values of chromosomes (offspring), and reject the other chromosomes so that the population size (number of chromosomes in a population) constant. After going through several generations, then the algorithm will converge to the best chromosome.

Let P (generation) is a population of one generation, then in a simple genetic algorithm consists of the steps:
1). Generation = 0 (early generations).
2). Initialize the initial population, P (generation), at random.
3). Evaluate the fitness value of each individual in P (generation).
4). Do the following steps to achieve maximum generation of generation :
a. generation = generation +1 (plus generation).
b. Selection of this population to get the candidate parent, P ‘(generation).
c. Perform crossover on P ‘(generation).
d. Do mutations in the P ‘(generation), these mutations are optional.
e. Evaluate fitness of each individual in P ‘(generation).
f. Form a new population: P (generation) = {P (generation-1) which survive, P ‘(generation)}