Tag Archives: attribute

Normalization Techniques

April 18, 2012 by arifinfo · Leave a comment

Normalization TechniquesThe database is the set of a group of related data, stored on a storage medium, for ease of data management and processing speed to do the manipulation for certain activities. One model that can be used in the design of the database is Normalization Techniques. Normalization is a process to create data that is not normal to be normal. Form data that is not normal / raw data commonly referred to as unnormalized form. Some form of normalization is often used, namely:

a. 1NF / First Normal Form
First normal form is the normal form of any data that is formed in a flat file in a one record after another record, and the value of each field in the form of atomic value. There is no set of repeated attribute, or attribute-value dual (multivalue). Each field is only one sense, not a collection of words that have ambiguous meanings, only one meaning only, and not the fraction of words that mean the same.

b. 2NF / Second Normal Form
The second normal form is a form of data meeting the criteria of normal form. Not the key attributes must depend on the function key / primary key. So for the second normal form, must be specified key field. The key field must be unique and may represent another attribute that is a member.

c. 3NF Third Normal Form
To become the third normal form, then the relationship should be in second normal form, and all attribute instead of the primary does not have a transitive relationship. In other words, each key attributes must depend not only on the primary key and primary key to the whole.

The purpose of normalization is to avoid data inconsistency, and avoid redundancy of data. There are several terms used in the normalization process is as follows :

a. Entity
Entity or entities are people, places, events or concepts that the information recorded or stored.
b. attribute
Each entity has the attribute or the name to represent an entity as to describe the characteristics of an entity.
c. field
Field used to present an attribute of the record that indicates an item of data.
d. Record / tuple
Record is a collection of fields that make up a record, one record represents a single data or information data.
e. File / table
File is a collection of similar records that have the same length of element, attribute the same but different valuenya.
f. database
Database is a collection of files that have links between one file with another file so as to form a structure of data to inform a company or agency within certain limits.

Posted in Management Information Systems. Tagged with , , , , .

Multi-Criteria Decision Making

March 19, 2012 by arifinfo · 1 Comment

Multi-Criteria Decision MakingMulti-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is the decision-making techniques from some of the alternative options available. MCDM elements are attribute, objective, and purpose. Attribute to explain, to characterize an object. For example height, length and so on. Objective stated preference for the repair or attribute, such as age maximize, minimize price, and so forth. Objective can also be derived from the attributes of an objective, if the attribute is given a specific direction. Predetermined objectives. For example, a project has the objective to maximize profit, then the project has the goal of achieving profit of 10 million / month.

Criteria are the size, rules or standards that guide the decision-making. Decision-making is done through an election or formulate these attributes, objective-the objective, as well as different goals, the attributes, both objective and purpose is considered as a criterion. Criteria are built from basic human needs and the values ??of interest.

There are two kinds of categories of Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), namely :
1. Multiple Objective Decision Making (MODM)
2. Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM)

Multiple Objective Decision Making (MODM) comes to the design (design), where mathematical optimization techniques are used, for a very large number of alternative (to infinity) and to answer the question what (what) and how much (how much). Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), concerns the question of elections, where mathematical analysis is not very much needed or can be used for the selection of only a small number of alternatives to it. Method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is part of the MADM technique.

Posted in Operations Management. Tagged with , , , , .

Control Chart

March 5, 2012 by arifinfo · 2 Comments

Control ChartOne tool that can be used for quality control is a control chart. Control Chart can be used to determine whether there has been a production process changes, detect the presence of the causes that affect the process, and create a standardized process. Variations of product quality often arise. In the production process, there are two types of variations that arise in the production process. Namely :
1. Assignable cause
Assignable cause is the variation that can be sought sources of the cause, and it should be removed. For example, the quality of raw materials are not homogeneous, the instructions are less obvious, less good mechanical condition.
2. Random (common cause)
Common cause is a natural variation (variation that is not traceable to their sources), and variations of this type can not be eliminated 100%, but minimized. One example is the quality of raw materials are made as homogeneous as possible, pursued the same level of operator skill.

Control Chart can be divided into two types, Attribute Control Chart and Variables Control Chart. Quality characteristics that can be measured and expressed quantitatively named variables, while the quality is assessed as appropriate or inappropriate (defects) are called attributes. Control chart provides information about the ability of the process, an important process parameter values, and stability over time so as to provide estimates of process capability. This information is very useful for designing products and processes.

Understanding of the attributes in quality control related to quality  characteristics that can be classified on the good (acceptable) and disabled (turned down). Some kind of Control Chart for Attributes are :
1. p chart
control chart for the fraction defective (rejected fraction fraction nonconforming).
2. np chart
control chart for the number of items that are not appropriate (number of nonconforming).
3. c chart
control chart for the number of mismatches (number of nonconformities)
4. u chart
control chart for the number of nonconformities per unit (number of nonconformities per unit).

Posted in Operations Management. Tagged with , , , .